Direct shoot regeneration from nodal explants of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sida cordifolia</Emphasis> Linn

A method was developed to initiate multiple shoots from mature nodal explants of Sida cordifolia Linn. High frequency of regeneration was achieved on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2.0 mg l⁻¹ 6-benzylaminopurine, 0.5 mg l⁻¹ α-naphthalene acidic acid, 1.0 mg l⁻¹ adenine sulfate, and 10% (v/v) coconut milk. Multiple shoots were initiated within 21 d and the above media was capable of inducing the formation of more than 20 shoots from each explant. Regenerated shoots were successfully rooted on half-strength MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg l⁻¹ indole-3-butyric acid and 3% (w/v) sucrose. Rooted plantlets were established in soil. The regenerated plantlets showed no morphological differences from the parent material. This protocol could be useful for germplasm conservation, cultivation, and genetic improvement of S. cordifolia.     

拔毒散的化学成分及其抗炎活性研究

拔毒散(Sida szechuensis)为一种傣族传统的药用植物,常用于治疗诸疮肿毒、皮肤瘙痒、跌打损伤、刀枪伤等疾病。为研究拔毒散的化学成分及其体外抗炎活性,该研究采用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20柱色谱、半制备HPLC等方法对其地上部分的化学成分进行分离纯化,通过理化性质和NMR等波谱数据鉴定化合物的结构,并用脂多糖(LPS)诱导的巨噬细胞(RAW 264.7)作为炎症模型,评价所分离化合物的抗炎活性。结果表明:从拔毒散乙醇提取物中共分离得到16个化合物,分别鉴定为kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(1)、 kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside(2)、槲皮素(3)、20-hydroxyecdysone(4)、α-ecdysone(5)、22-deoxyecdysterone(6)、abutasterone(7)、pterosterone(8)、icariside E₅(9)、icariside E₃(10)、(+)-syringaresinol(11)、pinoresinol(12)、balanophonin B(13)、N-trans-feruloyl tyramine(14)、(-)-loliolide(15)、棕榈酸(16),其中化合物1-3、9-13、16首次从该植物中分离得到。抗炎活性测试结果表明,在50 μmol·L^-1的浓度下,化合物1、4、5无明显抑制NO生成作用,而化合物2、3、6-16均能在不同程度上抑制NO生成,其中化合物2、3、11-14具有较强的抗炎活性,其IC₅₀值分别为18.63、40.76、21.46、14.32、16.82、42.31 μmol·L^-1。该研究结果丰富了拔毒散的化学成分,明确了其具有抗炎效果的物质基础,验证了其传统用途的科学性,为其进一步在医药领域的开发利用提供了新思路及科学依据。     

中国云实属植物一新记录

报道了一种云实属 ( Caesalpinia L.)植物菱叶云实在中国的分布新记录。     

Ecdysteroid glycosides from Sida rhombifolia L

Seven ecdysteroids, including the three new compounds 1-3, were isolated from Sida rhombifolia L. Their structures and configurations were determined by extensive spectroscopic techniques in combination with chemical derivatization. The four known compounds--ecdysone (4), 20-hydroxyecdysone (5), 2-deoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (6), and 20-hydroxyecdysone-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (7)--are reported for the first time from this plant.     

Deer Herbivory as an Ecological Constraint to Restoration of Degraded Riparian Corridors

Ungulate herbivory can impact riparian vegetation in several ways, such as by reducing vigor or reproductive output of mature plants, and through increased mortality of seedlings and saplings. Much work has focused on the effects of livestock grazing within riparian corridors, while few studies have addressed the influence of native ungulate herbivory on riparian vegetation. This study investigated the effect of deer herbivory on riparian regeneration along three streams with degraded riparian corridors in Mendocino County, California. We utilized existing stream restoration efforts by private landowners and natural resource agencies to compare six deer exclosures with six upstream control plots. Livestock were excluded from both exclosure and control plots. Three of the deer exclosures had been in place for 15 years, one for 6 years, and two for 4 years. The abundance and size distribution of woody riparian plant species such as Salix exigua, S. laevigata, S. lasiolepis, Alnus rhombifolia, and Fraxinus latifolia were quantified for each exclosure and control plot. The mean density of saplings in deer exclosures was 0.49 ± 0.15/m², while the mean density of saplings in control plots was 0.05 ± 0.02/m². Within exclosures, 35% of saplings were less than 1 m and 65% were greater than 1 m; within control plots, 97% of saplings were less than 1 m in height. The fact that little regeneration had occurred in control plots suggests that deer herbivory can substantially reduce the rate of recovery of woody riparian species within degraded riparian corridors. Exclusionary fencing has demonstrated promising results for riparian restoration in a region with intense deer herbivory.     

Spatial patterns and population dynamics of plant-associated microcrustacea (Cladocera) in an English shallow lake (Little Mere, Cheshire)

Little Mere (Cheshire) is a small (2.7 ha) and shallow (average depth 0.7 m) fertile lake in Cheshire, UK. Nymphaeids cover almost 40 % of its entire surface during the growing season (April to October) and practically all the rest is covered by a mixed community of submerged plants. The lake was intensively sampled for plant-associated Cladocera and zooplankters from April 1998-April 2000. Samples were collected at five sites across the lake, three of them located within lily beds, the other two over submerged plant beds of mixed composition. Specific sampling techniques were developed for floating lily leaves, petioles, submerged plants and water. Significant horizontal differences were identified for most cladoceran species, both open-water and plant-associated, for chydorid periphyton scrapers and for filter-feeders. Daphnia hyalina (L.) and Ceriodaphnia sp were significantly more abundant in lily beds than in more open water in both growing seasons, suggesting lily beds are an effective refuge against fish predation. Size-structure and egg-ratio data support this contention. Egg-ratio models were examined for Daphnia hyalina and Simocephalus vetulus (O.F. Müller), a plant-associated cladoceran. The fertility of S. vetulus in lily beds was generally high throughout growing seasons. The construction of egg-ratio models for this species was hampered by their generally very patchy distributions.     

Effect of light and predator abundance on the habitat choice of plant-attached zooplankton

1. The diurnal variations in the habitat choice of the periodically plant-attached cladoceran Sida crystallina together with light environment and predator abundance were studied.
2. The density of S. crystallina attached to floating leaves of Nuphar lutea increased between 18:00 and 20:00 hours, when light intensity underneath the leaves was temporarily increased, and decreased again when light intensity declined. A proportion of S. crystallina remained in the swimming mode underneath the leaves even during daylight, indicating that the water column sheltered by the leaves is safer than the open water.
3. In the water adjacent to the leaves, the density of S. crystallina increased steeply in the dark. The increase was not accompanied by a decrease in S. crystallina attached to plant leaves, indicating that the nocturnal increment in the open water density of S. crystallina was due to migration from daytime refuges other than floating leaves.
4. Sida crystallina was most intensively consumed by perch ( Perca fluviatilis ). Predation threat by fish had weaker effects on the density of S. crystallina attached to plant leaves than on cladocerans in the adjacent water. Cladocerans underneath floating plant leaves, whether attached or not, are probably less vulnerable to fish predation than those outside the leaf cover.
5. The results suggested that light intensity is the proximate factor regulating the attachment of zooplankton to the lower surfaces of floating macrophyte leaves. Light intensity has a positive effect on the density of S. crystallina attached to the floating leaves and a negative effect on density in the water. Predation threat by fish has a strong effect on the migration of zooplankters into the open water habitat.     

Ecdysteroids and other constituents from Sida spinosa L

Two compounds (3 and 10) were isolated from the aerial parts of Sida spinosa L. Their structures have been established as glyceryl-1-eicosanoate and 20-hydroxy, 24-hydroxymethylecdysone by 1D and 2D-NMR techniques. In addition 12 known compounds (1, 2, 4-9 and 11-14) have been isolated and identified.     

Life cycle and host specificity ofEutinobothrus sp. (Col.: curculionidae) an agent for biological control ofSida acuta (malvaceae) in the northern territory,Australia

The biology of an undescribed weevil,Eutinobothrus sp., and its specificity toSida acuta, a serious weed in northern Australia, were studied in a quarantine facility in Australia. Sixty-eight plant species were screened and onlyS. acuta andS. rhombifolia could sustain populations ofEutinobothrus sp. Adults feed externally on the stems and oviposit in feeding scars. Larvae feed internally and pupate in the stem. Prepupae and pupae may aestivate in the stem and adults emerge with the onset of the wet season when new growth is evident.Eutinobothrus sp. was released in January, 1994 in the Northern Territory and has established.     

拔毒散中的蜕皮激素

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